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On October 5, the Nobel Committee awarded the 2016 prize in chemistry to Jean-Pierre Sauvage of the University of Strasbourg (France), J. Fraser Stoddart of Northwestern University (Evanston, IL), and Ben L. Feringa of the University of Groningen (The Netherlands). In the 1980s, these researchers pioneered work that led to the creation of molecular machines—molecules that can perform work when they are energized.

Sauvage and co-workers described the molecule shown here in a . The structure consists of a functionalized catenane coordinated to a copper(I) ion. (Catenanes are molecules that contain ring structures that are linked but not connected by a covalent bond.)

The authors reported that the molecule was the first example of a metallo-catenane. They also stated that their synthetic method was analogous to the action of the enzyme gyrase, which uses a catenation process to relieve strain when double-stranded DNA is unwound by another enzyme.

Molecular motors pioneered by Feringa in 1999 relied on catenanes developed by Sauvage and rotaxanes synthesized by Stoddart. A rotaxane is similar to a catenane in that it consists of two pieces that are not covalently connected. The difference is that rotaxanes have only one ring, through which is threaded a linear, dumbbell-shaped structure that can’t escape from the ring.