The pinene family of terpenes consists of two structural isomers, 伪- and 尾-pinene. Both exist as (+)- and (鈥�)- enantiomers. Turpentine, obtained from pine trees, contains 鈮�60% 伪-pinene and 鈮�30% 尾-pinene. 伪-笔颈苍别苍别 from North American trees is predominantly the (1R,5R)-(+)-enantiomer (shown), but most European 伪-pinene is (1S,5S)-(鈥�). Recently, G. Bokinsky and J. D. Keasling聽聽to convert switchgrass to sugars and then to pinene for jet fuel.
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