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In 2014, Gregory S. Basarab and co-inventors at the AstraZeneca lab in Waltham, MA, filed a US titled “Compounds and Methods for Treating Bacterial Infections�. The compounds of the invention were derivatives of spiro(isoxazolo[4,5-g][oxazino[4,3-a]quinolinepyrimidine)trione. Among the derivatives, there was a compound, AZD0914, that came to be known as zoliflodacin.

The vague title of the application belies its specific purpose: to identify potential drugs to combat multidrug-resistant infectious bacteria. In the background section of the application, the inventors state, “[A]ccording to the Infectious Disease Öйú365betÖÐÎĹÙÍø of America, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) kills more Americans every year than emphysema, HIV/AIDS, Parkinson's disease, and homicide combined.â€� They go on to list several examples of bacteria that had become drug-resistant at the time.

Among the listed bacteria is Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the Gram-negative species that is responsible for the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea. Zoliflodacin, an inhibitor of DNA gyrase (a subclass of bacterial topoisomerase) is particularly effective for treating this disease. This year, John P. Mueller and co-workers at Entasis Therapeutics (the spinoff from AstraZeneca Waltham) and Antimicrobial Development Specialists (Nyack, NY) published a of the development, activity, mode of action, and Phase 1 and 2 clinical trials of zoliflodacin.

The authors also announced the beginning of a Phase 3 trial on �1000 subjects this year. The trial is expected to be completed in 2021.