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Absorb and reflect � when light hits an object, the object may “soak up� the light (or parts of it), which is called absorbing. But the light can also bounce off the object, which is called reflecting. Whether light is absorbed or reflected depends on the object’s surface. The way objects reflect light is how we see their color. 

Atmosphere � the layer of gases held around a planet by its gravity. 

Climate � the pattern of weather over a period of time, whether it’s warm, dry, cold, or wet. 

Drill (or drilling) � to make a hole with a special tool or device. It can be to dig a hole into a wall, wood, or even ice.

Drought � a long period of time without enough rain. Droughts make life difficult for plants, animals, and humans.

Fossil fuels � materials that formed over millions of years from buried plants and animals. These materials have stored energy � and burning them can create energy. Fossil fuels are available only in limited quantities, so once we use them up, they’re gone.

Glacier � a big, thick sheet of ice. It is found in very cold regions where snow falls on it every year, and it stays frozen year after year. It sometimes can move or float around in the ocean or other bodies of water. 

Greenhouse gas � a compound in the air, such as water vapor, methane, or carbon dioxide, that “traps� sunlight and warms the earth, and prevents this heat from escaping our atmosphere into space. It’s important to keep our planet warm, but too much can cause overheating, and kill life on the planet. 

Ice core � a long, solid tube of ice taken from a glacier. Scientists take ice cores by using machines that can drill or dig deep into the ice, like giant cookie cutters. Scientists use ice cores to study the earth and its climate. 

Particulates � tiny bits of solids or liquids (like dust, water, dirt, and soot) that can float in air.  They are so tiny that you can’t always see them. 

Preservation � the act of keeping something safe, so that it stays the same today and in the future. 

Prism � a special piece of glass that can help us see how white light can be “split� into the seven colors of the rainbow. This happens when light passes through the prism.

Reservoir � usually a man-made structure to store water, like a lake or a dam. It allows people have access to clean water to drink and use for everyday activities. These activities include bathing, cooking, watering crops and plants; and even making electricity. 

Vacuum � an empty space where there is absolutely nothing � not even air!